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caat˗₃擦haaiˎ₄鞋
Pinyin
ca1 xie2
Translations
noun
(fig.) to suck-up to; to kiss-ass; to fawn; to butter-up to. Mand.: 拍馬屁
noun
(lit.) to polish shoes
manˎ₄文faa˗₃化
Pinyin
wen2 hua4
Translations
noun
civilization; culture; education; schooling; literacy